Chapter 2 - Project Origination and Planning

Chapter 2 - Project Origination and Planning

Project origination and planning is the first step in DelDOT’s project development process. Project origination refers to the creation of the project, including initial development and conceptualization. It involves the identification of transportation needs and deficiencies, assessment of alternatives, and the initiation of a project planning process. Project origination typically includes activities such as prioritizing projects within a program, conducting feasibility studies, evaluating potential impacts, determining project scope, and identifying potential funding sources. It is the starting point for formally defining and advancing a transportation project from an initial idea to a well-defined concept that can be further developed and eventually implemented.

Transportation project planning and programming is regulated at a federal-level and conducted through regional, state, and local-scale to ensure implementation of a process and improvements that consider the needs and desires of the end users. Understanding a project’s origination and purpose and need is crucial to ensure the development of contextually sensitive solutions that effectively address the underlying transportation deficiency. This chapter describes the mechanisms, processes, and associated standards that are used to plan, prioritize, and program projects within the State of Delaware for DelDOT projects.

2.1 Planning Standards

To be eligible to receive federal funds, a state department of transportation (DOT) is required to carry out a continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive performance-based statewide multimodal transportation planning process in accordance with 23 CFR 450. DelDOT’s Division of Planning is charged with overseeing and coordinating with necessary stakeholders both internal and external to DelDOT to maintain a federally compliant statewide planning process that considers the factors described in 23 U.S.C. 135(d)(1) and 23 CFR 450.206(a). This section of the manual serves to summarize several key aspects of a compliant planning process.

2.1.1 Contributing Organizations

DelDOT is charged with overseeing the entire statewide transportation planning process and for producing the deliverables that are described in Section 2.1.2. Continuous collaboration and coordination are required throughout the planning process to ensure effective constituent involvement. The regulatory requirements of the collaboration required in the planning process is explicitly defined in 23 CFR 450.208. This subsection identifies and further describes the role of organizations that are directly involved in DelDOT’s planning process.

2.1.1.1 Metropolitan Planning Organizations

A Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) is a regional agency responsible for transportation planning in metropolitan areas with populations over 50,000, as determined by the United States Census. MPOs are required for urbanized areas to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to transportation planning and decision-making. Accordingly, MPOs play an instrumental role in the planning process.

MPOs have a governing board composed of representatives from local governments, transit agencies, and other stakeholders. They engage in a collaborative process involving public input, data analysis, and coordination with local constituents to ensure the development of planning deliverables that consider the needs of the local population.

MPOs play a crucial role in ensuring that transportation planning aligns with federal regulations, such as the transportation planning requirements of the Metropolitan Transportation Planning process outlined in 23 CFR 450. By coordinating transportation investments and addressing regional priorities, MPOs help enhance mobility, manage congestion, and support the overall development of the metropolitan area’s transportation system.

MPOs are formally designated by agreement between the Governor and local governments that together represent at least 75 percent of the affected population including the largest incorporated city, based on population. MPO boundaries are reviewed after each census to determine if existing boundaries meet the minimum statutory requirements for new and updated urbanized area(s).

An urbanized area with a population over 200,000, as defined by the Bureau of the Census and designated by the Secretary of the United States Department of Transportation (US DOT), is defined as a Transportation Management Area (TMA). MPOs located within a TMA are charged with developing additional planning products in recognition of the greater complexity of transportation challenges that are inherently present in large urban areas. The structure and roles of TMAs are more fully described in 23 CFR 450.310(d).

Delaware contains three MPOs within its boundaries:

• Wilmington Area Planning Council (WILMAPCO) covering New Castle County, Delaware and Cecil County, Maryland,
• Dover/ Kent MPO covering Kent County, and
• Salisbury/ Wicomico MPO covering portions of Sussex County.

Additionally, WILMAPCO is also considered a TMA.

2.1.1.2 Regional Transportation Planning Organizations (RTPOs) and Local Governments

Department Resources
Consultation Process for Non-Metropolitan Officials

Regional Transportation Planning Organizations (RTPOs) are comprised of multijurisdictional nonmetropolitan local officials or their designees who volunteer to provide input into the state planning process. RTPOs are established by a state’s Governor to enhance the planning, coordination, and implementation of the statewide planning program with an emphasis on addressing the needs of nonmetropolitan areas of a state. There are currently no RTPOs designated within the State of Delaware.

When an RTPO is not designated for a region, the state is required to consult directly with affected nonmetropolitan local officials to determine projects that may be of regional significance. Additionally, states are required under 23 CFR 450.210(b) to have a documented process(es) for cooperating with nonmetropolitan local officials to develop the deliverables described in Section 2.1.4.1 and Section 2.1.4.2. DelDOT’s consultation process is contained within its Consultation Process for Non-Metropolitan Officials document.

2.1.1.3 Public Transportation Operators

Public transportation operators refer to a public entity or government-approved authority that participates in the continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive transportation planning process and is a recipient of federal funds to provide transportation to the public within a specific area or jurisdiction. These operators can include various types of organizations, such as transit agencies, transportation authorities, or private companies contracted to provide public transportation services. Public transportation operators typically manage and operate various modes of public transportation, including buses, trains, light rail, streetcars, and ferries. The primary objective of a public transportation operator is to provide safe, efficient, and accessible transportation options to the public, helping to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and enhance mobility within communities. These organizations coordinate directly with MPOs to assist in the development of the MPOs required planning deliverables. DelDOT will coordinate with these organizations during the planning process to solicit input as needed. Public transportation operators within Delaware’s boundaries include Delaware Transit Corporation (DTC), Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), and Cecil Transit.

2.1.1.4 Council on Transportation

The Council on Transportation (COT) serves as an important advisory body, helping to shape transportation policies and plans in Delaware. The COT is responsible for advising the Governor, DelDOT, and other relevant agencies on matters related to transportation. The goal of the COT is to enhance transportation systems, promote economic growth, and improve the overall quality of life for residents and visitors in the State.

The COT is comprised of members appointed by the Governor. The duties of the COT are described in 29 Del. C § 8409 of the Delaware Code. The COT plays an instrumental role in the development and approval of the planning document deliverables described in Section 2.1.4.1 and Section 2.1.4.2. The specific tasks that the COT performs in the planning process include the following:

• Approve DelDOT’s performance-based criteria which is further described in Section 2.1.2, in accordance with 29 Del. C § 8419 (1) and 29 Del. C § 8419 (2) of the Delaware Code.
• Hold public meetings in each county to inform the public and solicit comment on the proposed program contained in the federally required Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP). The STIP is commonly referred to in Delaware as the Capital Transportation Plan (CTP).
• Make priority changes to the proposed CTP in an open meeting by documenting the reasons and justifications for the changes. This allowance is provided only after the written public comment period ends.
• Review and approve the Long-Range Transportation Plan, which is further described in Section 2.1.4.1, in accordance with 29 Del. C § 8419 (3).
• Approve the CTP before it is sent to the full Delaware General Assembly for approval in accordance with 29 Del. C § 8409 (b)(3) of the Delaware Code.

2.1.2 Performance-Based Approach

Department Resources
DelDOT Project Prioritization Criteria

Performance-based prioritization involves evaluating and selecting projects based on measurable criteria. The criteria may include: the condition of existing assets, their expected performance, cost-effectiveness, and the overall benefit to the transportation system and users. States are required to employ a performance-based approach to the transportation planning process in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 135(d)(2) and 23 CFR 450.206(c) to achieve a planning process that considers the factors described in 23 U.S.C. 135(d)(1) and 23 CFR 450.206(a). Additionally, 29 Del. C § 8419 (1) and 29 Del. C § 8419 (2) of the Delaware Code requires the adoption of a formula-based process for setting priorities on DelDOT transportation projects. This approach helps ensure that funding resources are allocated to projects that provide the greatest overall value while addressing critical needs. DelDOT’s prioritization process is more fully described within its Project Prioritization Criteria summary document.

There are several projects and programs that are not included within the formula-based ranking system. However, they are prioritized within each of their funding programs based on performance-based criteria that ensures those assets are restored, rehabilitated, and/or maintained in a state of good repair. The projects and programs not included in the formula-based prioritization process include:

1. Projects that represent system preservation are excluded from the formula-based prioritization process per 29 Del. C § 8419 (2)(b) of the Delaware Code. These projects are designated as State of Good Repair (SOGR) projects. In accordance with 23 CFR 667, State of Good Repair projects aim to preserve existing assets in a condition that meets or improves their performance and safety standards. These projects typically focus on preserving the condition and functionality of highways, bridges, tunnels, transit systems, and other transportation facilities.
2. Projects and programs that receive a dedicated funding source from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or Federal Transit Administration (FTA) that can only be spent on those specific types of projects.
3. Projects and programs that provide the ability to make small improvements that allow for the improved management and operation of the system.
4. Projects that are mandated for DelDOT to complete either through a regulatory requirement, contractual obligation, legislative action, or a judicial action.

2.1.3 Public Involvement

Department Resources
Policy Implement O-03: Public Involvement Policy

The planning process ultimately establishes the transportation priorities which will shape the community for years to come. Accordingly, ensuring effective public involvement throughout the planning process is of paramount importance to guaranteeing all interested parties are afforded an opportunity to participate in the decision-making which will directly impact them. For this reason, states are required to engage in planning processes that create opportunities for public involvement, participation, and consultation in accordance with 23 CFR 450.210. To ensure a proactive and well-thought-out public involvement strategy, states are required to develop a documented public involvement process that provides opportunities for public review and comment at key decision points. The requirements of the public involvement process are established in 23 CFR 450.210(a)(1). Additional information about DelDOT’s public engagement strategies can be found in Section 5.1 and are additionally detailed in DelDOT Policy Implement O-03 entitled Public Involvement Policy. DelDOT is required to review and solicit comments on its public involvement process at least once every 5-years in accordance with 23 CFR 450.210(b)(1).

2.1.4 Deliverables

When performed properly, planning products serve as a foundational element in the DelDOT project development process and can even be used in a project’s eventual NEPA documentation. Though the DelDOT Division of Planning creates many planning products, this section is intended to only describe the minimum planning process deliverables required per 23 CFR 450 and 29 Chapter 84 of the Delaware Code. Section 2.2 more fully describes the planning processes and other DelDOT programs that generate projects. Additionally, this section does not fully describe the planning process deliverables that planning organizations outside of DelDOT are responsible for.

2.1.4.1 Long-Range Transportation Plan

Department Resources
DelDOT Long-Range Transportation Plan

States are required to prepare a statewide Long-Range Transportation Plan that provides for the development and implementation of a multimodal transportation system with a minimum 20-year forecast period at the time of adoption in accordance with 23 CFR 450.216 and 29 Del. C § 8419 (3) of the Delaware Code. Similarly, MPOs are required to prepare a minimum 20-year forecast planning document entitled a Metropolitan Transportation Plan in accordance with 23 CFR 450.324. The Long-Range Transportation Plan is intended to guide DelDOT in creating principles, policies, and performance measures with the ultimate aim to achieve the State’s long-range economic, transportation, development, and sustainability goals. DelDOT’s current Long-Range Transportation Plan is available online and is updated every 5 years but may be amended subject to changes in federal, state, or local funding sources.

The Long-Range Transportation Plan is approved by the COT in accordance with 29 Del. C § 8419 (3) of the Delaware Code before being provided to the FHWA and FTA for informational purposes. All updates made to the Long-Range Transportation Plan require public review and comment and submittal to both the FHWA and FTA for informational purposes.

2.1.4.2 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP)

Department Resources
CTP Informational Website

The STIP, which is commonly referred to in Delaware as the CTP, is required in accordance with 23 CFR 450.218 and 29 Del. C § 8401 (b)(6) of the Delaware Code. The STIP is a staged, multi-year, statewide intermodal program comprised of transportation projects and programs that are consistent with the Long-Range Transportation Plan. The CTP can be viewed as the culmination of the statewide planning process. The CTP serves to program planned expenditures by fiscal year and by project phase for capital projects. The FHWA and FTA require that the STIP cover a period of 4-years and be updated at least every 4-years; however, Delaware Code requires that the CTP cover 6-years and be updated at least every 2-years. MPOs are required by 23 CFR 450.326 to develop a Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) that covers a period of 4-years and be updated at least every 4- years. The MPO’s approved TIPs must be included without change either directly or by reference into the STIP. Both the TIP and the STIP must be fiscally constrained meaning that the planned expenditures are to match the expected income.

Projects listed within the CTP must meet the following federal requirements:

• The project must be consistent with the Long-Range Transportation Plan described in Section 2.1.4.1.
• The project must be included within the pertinent MPO’s approved TIP.
• The project must conform with the applicable State air quality Implementation Plan (SIP) if the project is carried out in an area designated as nonattainment for ozone or carbon monoxide. Delaware’s air quality implementation plan was developed in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Controls (DNREC) to address air quality standards and achieve or maintain compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

The proposed 6‐year CTP is generated early in the program year through coordination with the pertinent contributing organizations identified in Section 2.1.1 and in accordance with the public involvement plan described in Section 2.1.3. The first year of the CTP is reflected in DelDOT’s annual capital budget and is submitted to the State for review and approval. Funding is programmed by the Division of Finance to various projects and programs based on projected state revenues, projected federal funding, as well as the prioritization process described in Section 2.1.2. The draft CTP is then updated through coordination and review efforts as well as when anticipated revenues change. After the public involvement period is complete, the CTP is approved by the COT in accordance with 29 Del. C § 8409 (b)(3) of the Delaware Code and then sent to the Governor for inclusion in the State Capital Improvement Program. The CTP is then submitted concurrently to the FHWA and the FTA for joint approval. At the time of the submittal, DelDOT is required to certify that the transportation planning process is being carried out in accordance with all applicable federal requirements contained in 23 CFR 450.220(a). The FHWA and the FTA will review the STIP and make a joint finding on the extent to which the STIP is based on a statewide transportation planning process that meets or substantially meets the federal requirements. Once approved, changes to the STIP may require public review and comment and may require formal federal approval. The process for updating the STIP is discussed in more detail in Section 5.8.1.1 TBD. The CTP process is more fully described at DelDOT’s CTP informational website.

Federal approval of the CTP allows DelDOT to proceed with authorization of federal funds for highway and transit projects. Projects not included in the federally approved CTP will not be eligible for federal funding. It is noted that many funding types utilized have specific uses and constraints and that some funds are tied to state or federal legislation requiring it be spent prior to a specific date.

2.2 Programs Generating DelDOT Projects

DelDOT is tasked with planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining an intricate and interdependent multi-modal transportation network throughout the State as established in 29 Del. C. § 8401(b) of the Delaware Code. To facilitate efficient performance of its designated responsibilities, DelDOT has divided and assigned specific duties amongst entities across DelDOT which each have their own unique process for generating and prioritizing projects. This section defines the programs and the processes that are used to generate DelDOT transportation projects.

All DelDOT projects must be included on the CTP as either a standalone line item or as a project included under a program line of the CTP, otherwise known as a “grouped project”. Specific projects within program lines are typically relatively inexpensive improvements compared to standalone CTP projects. While the program lines are included in and approved as part of the CTP document, specific projects do not go through this process. Each grouped project must go through its own unique public involvement process, as appropriate.

2.2.1 Entities Outside of DelDOT

DelDOT may develop projects that are originated by entities outside of the Department.

2.2.1.1 MPO Planning Studies

DelDOT provides annual pass-through funding from the FHWA and FTA to the MPOs within its boundaries. With this funding, MPOs perform a variety of studies that examine travel and transportation issues and needs in the geographic area it represents. The planning studies that the MPO performs directly contribute to the deliverables the MPO is responsible for creating, including its TIP which must be included without modification into DelDOT’s STIP. Additional information on planning standards is included in Section 2.1.

2.2.1.2 Studies Generated by a Third Party

Various transportation organizations, advocacy groups, or citizens outside of DelDOT and the MPOs can submit study results or project ideas for nomination as a project in the CTP.

2.2.1.3 Projects Mandated to Complete

DelDOT may be required to generate and complete certain projects either through regulatory requirements, contractual obligations, legislative actions, or judicial actions. The following is an incomplete list of example mechanisms that can generate DelDOT mandated projects:

• Projects or actions specifically listed in the Bond Bill,
• Projects required to satisfy DelDOT’s Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permit issued through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or Industrial permits issued by the DNREC, and
• Projects required to create, enhance, or preserve environmental mitigation sites created to offset capital project actions.

2.2.2 Division of Planning

DelDOT’s Division of Planning is tasked with performing a comprehensive and inclusive transportation planning process that seeks solutions to the State’s transportation needs by balancing safety, choice, environmental stewardship, economic development, financial accountability, and quality of life. To this end, DelDOT’s Division of Planning will perform planning level studies in agreement with the goals and strategies within DelDOT’s Long-Range Transportation Plan to support the creation of transportation plans for regions and communities in the State of Delaware. Specific planning projects for study are selected with the concurrence of the Secretary of Transportation throughout the year based on the demands placed on the Department by local needs. Other sections within DelDOT may additionally perform planning level studies which may become eventual projects. The Division of Planning also maintains several specific planning programs further described within the following subsections that may generate DelDOT projects.

2.2.2.1 Corridor Capacity Preservation

The Corridor Capacity Preservation Program is established in 17 Del. C § 145 of the Delaware Code. The program performs transportation studies and develops plans with the goal of delaying future transportation network expansion. The program’s focus is to establish development strategies and identify future system expansion in ways that preserve quality of life. As part of the program, DelDOT can purchase property access rights, development rights, or properties in whole, to make needed transportation improvements or preserve the corridor's capacity. The program may also include the recommendation of individual improvements such as frontage roads, intersection improvements, or overpasses.

The Corridor Capacity Preservation Program has five main goals:

1. Maintain a road's ability to handle traffic efficiently and safely,
2. Minimize the transportation impacts of increased economic growth,
3. Preserve the ability to make future transportation-related improvements as needed,
4. Prevent the need to build an entirely new road, and
5. Sort local and through traffic.

Four corridor capacity corridors have currently been approved:

• SR 48 from Hercules Road to SR 41 (2 miles),
• US 13 from the Maryland line to SR 10 in Camden (46 miles),
• US 113 from the Maryland line to Milford (33 miles), and
• SR 1 from Nassau to the Dover Air Force Base (31 miles).

2.2.2.2 Multi-Modal Program

DelDOT’s Active Transportation & Community Connections (ATCC) section maintains multiple programs which generate DelDOT projects that mainly focus on the multi-modal facilities in the State.

2.2.2.2.1 Transportation Alternatives Program (TAP)

Department Resources
DelDOT TAP
DelDOT Byways Program
DelDOT Safe Routes to School Program

DelDOT’s Transportation Alternatives Program (TAP) is a key program used to build complete streets that are safe for all users and achieve safe, connected, and equitable on and off-road networks. The TAP was initially created through the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) as the Transportation Enhancements Program but was later renamed to the Transportation Alternatives Program in 2012 under the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21). The federal TAP program was restructured and renamed again in 2015 to the Transportation Alternatives “TA” Set-Aside with enactment of the Fixing America’s Infrastructure Transportation (FAST) Act.

DelDOT’s TAP selects projects for funding through a selection process that includes, but is not limited to, transportation equity and service to disadvantaged communities, safety, ADA improvement needs, public support, connectivity, proximity to public transit and community amenities, community enhancement, level of bike stress, and environmental improvement. The TAP funds activities encompassing a variety of small-scale transportation projects such as:

• Pedestrian and bicycle facilities
• Shared-use pathways and overlooks
• Safe routes to school projects and/or infrastructure-related elements for non-drivers such as measures for older adults and individuals with disabilities to access daily needs
• Conversion of abandoned rail corridors for nonmotorized uses
• Vegetation management
• Environmental mitigation related to stormwater and habitat connectivity
• Sidewalk installation
• Inventory, control, or removal of outdoor advertising for enhancement of scenic/historic views
• Historic preservation and rehabilitation of historic transportation facilities
• Creation of designated bicycle lanes
• Renovation of streetscapes
• Installation of lighting, signals, and crosswalks

DelDOT provides more information on these programs on their website with links provided below:

• DelDOT TAP,
• DelDOT Byways Program, and
• DelDOT Safe Routes to School Program.

2.2.2.2.2 Bicycle and Pedestrian Program

This program plans and prioritizes improvements that enhances Delaware’s multi-modal transportation network and encourages movement of people and goods through means other than single occupant vehicles. The projects generated from this program include pedestrian and bicycle facilities, transit access, park and ride facilities, traffic calming, and other non-motorized transportation projects.

2.2.2.2.3 Pedestrian Access Route (PAR) Program

The Pedestrian Access Route Program (PAR Program) facilitates the creation of new accessible pedestrian circulation paths or converts existing non-compliant pedestrian circulation paths to acceptable standards. The goal of the PAR Program is to create an inclusive pedestrian network that is connected, safe, reliable, and convenient for all pedestrian users. Additionally, the PAR Program coordinates with all of DelDOT’s other programs and projects to ensure that existing DelDOT pedestrian facilities are evaluated and or upgraded to acceptable standards when included in the scope of a project. Additionally, the PAR Program works with the DelDOT Civil Rights section and the DelDOT ADA Title II Coordinator to ensure that DelDOT is meeting its obligations including creation of a detailed schedule to upgrade pedestrian circulation path deficiencies that were initially identified through DelDOT's Self-Assessment and Transition Plan.

2.2.2.2.4 Recreational Trails Program (RTP)

The Recreational Trails Program (RTP) is a federal program administered by the FHWA that is implemented at the local level by states to develop and maintain recreational trails and trail-related facilities for both nonmotorized and motorized recreational trail uses. Funds from the program are intended to benefit recreation including hiking, bicycling, in-line skating, equestrian use, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, off-road motorcycling, all-terrain vehicle riding, four-wheel driving, or using other off-road motorized vehicles. This is a statewide program in Delaware administered by DNREC with funding transferred through DelDOT. Additionally, a 20% match is funded by DNREC. An annual work plan is developed by DNREC for DelDOT approval that includes a listing of RTP Program funded activities and programs to support DNREC’s annual program.

2.2.2.3 Transportation Improvement Districts (TIDs)

Department Resources
Development Coordination Manual

DelDOT’s Development Coordination Manual defines a transportation improvement district (TID) as “a geographic area defined for the purpose of securing required improvements to transportation facilities in the area". TIDs are created to better define and ultimately provide the transportation improvements needed to support development in locations identified as appropriate in local comprehensive plans. TIDs are created by agreement between DelDOT and the relevant local government(s) within the improvement area. MPOs in the defined area also participate in the agreement. TIDs provide the following benefits:

• Focus transportation investments to high-priority growth areas,
• Support complete communities,
• Complement master plans,
• Provide for "fair share" contributions to transportation improvements,
• Foster market-ready development or redevelopment, and
• Promote intergovernmental coordination.

2.2.2.4 Aviation Planning

DelDOT is charged with encouraging, fostering, and assisting in the development of aeronautics in the State and encourage the establishment of airports and other air navigation facilities in accordance with 2 Del. C. § 131 of the Delaware Code. This program performs studies and prioritizes initiatives and potential projects related to fostering and maintaining aviation within the State.

2.2.2.5 Freight Planning

DelDOT’s Division of Planning maintains a freight study and planning program which prioritizes and recommends projects. The goals guiding the freight planning and investment program are as follows:

• Provide a safe freight transportation system that sustains or improves existing levels of freight access and mobility,
• Support the State’s economic well-being, while remaining sensitive to environmental needs and concerns, and
• Achieve efficiency in operations and investments in the freight transportation system.

2.2.2.6 Federal Land Access Program (FLAP)

The Federal Lands Access Program (FLAP) is established in 23 U.S.C. 204 to improve transportation facilities that provide access to, are adjacent to, or are located within federal lands. The access program supplements state and local resources for public roads, transit systems, and other transportation facilities, with an emphasis on high-use recreation sites and economic generators.

2.2.3 Bridges and Structures Program

DelDOT’s Bridges and Structures section is responsible for the management of nearly 1,800 bridges, over 600 overhead sign and high mast lighting structures, and 35 state-regulated dams. The Bridges and Structures section defines three separate programs that evaluate, plan, and prioritize structure maintenance throughout the State of Delaware, accordingly.

2.2.3.1 Bridge Program

Department Resources
DelDOT Transportation Asset Management Plan
Bridge State of Good Repair (SOGR) Summary
Bridge Element Inspection Manual
Bridge Inspection Manual
Bridge Load Rating Manual

In Delaware, any structure under the public roadway with an opening greater than 20 square feet and a minimum vertical clearance of 4 feet is defined as a bridge. The term “bridge” pertains to frame/box culvert and pipe culvert structures as well as traditional bridge types. All such structures are included in the bridge inventory and are subject to routine inspection. Any structure with a span of greater than 20 feet and carrying vehicular traffic is included in the National Bridge Inventory (NBI). The DelDOT Bridges and Structures section evaluates its bridge inventory for current conditions, sets targets for the future bridge conditions, and examines how the conditions are expected to change over time using established element deterioration modeling and condition forecasting capabilities of the Bridge Management System (BMS). Based on this information, an investment plan is developed for bridge projects that supports the achievement of the condition targets and extension of the life of DelDOT’s bridge network. The process in which bridge structures are prioritized for work utilizes a deficiency formula and is outlined in detail in Chapter 3 of the DelDOT Transportation Asset Management Plan. Current conditions and performance goals for bridge structures can be found in the 2023 Bridge State of Good Repair (SOGR) Summary.

DelDOT maintains the following manuals which are used to assess current structure condition and load carrying capacities:

• Bridge Element Inspection Manual,
• Bridge Inspection Manual, and
• Bridge Load Rating Manual.

2.2.3.2 Overhead Sign and High Mast Lighting Structures Program

Department Resources
Overhead Sign and High Mast Lighting State of Good Repair (SOGR) Summary
Sign Inspection Program Manual

Overhead sign structures consist of any structure supporting signage or toll sensors that span partially or fully over a public roadway. High mast lighting structures include all highway / rest stop lighting and closed CCTV camera structures with a height greater than 60 feet. Inspection of overhead sign and high mast lighting structures is not mandated or regulated by the FHWA, but DelDOT has a routine inspection program for ensuring that these structures are structurally safe. DelDOT uses the data from the inspections to prioritize the structures for repair or replacement through the use of a deficiency formula. Current conditions and performance goals for overhead sign and high mast lighting structures can be found in the 2023 Overhead Sign and High Mast Lighting State of Good Repair (SOGR) Summary. Additionally, DelDOT maintains a Sign Inspection Program Manual that can be used for reference.

2.2.3.3 Dam Program

Department Resources
Dam SOGR Summary

State Dam Safety Regulations apply to all public-owned significant and high hazard dams. DelDOT owns or co-owns 35 regulated dams and has complete ownership and maintenance for 11 of those 35 dams. DelDOT owns and maintains the earthen dam portion for the other 24 dams while the spillway is owned and maintained by DNREC or other owners. Due to the shared responsibilities at many of the state regulated dams and a significant number of dam failures over the past century, the Dam Preservation Program was established in December 2013 by a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) executed by the secretaries of DelDOT and DNREC. The Dam Preservation Program allows the two agencies to pool their resources for improvement of state-owned regulated dams to meet the State Dam Safety Regulations. Work on dams is prioritized by populating a dam deficiency formula with data from Hydrology and Hydraulic studies and the dam inspections. Note that tide gate and dike water control structures are not included with the Dam Program despite sometimes having resources dedicated to them. Current conditions and performance goals for dams can be found in the 2023 Dam SOGR Summary.

2.2.4 Pavement Management Program

Department Resources
Transportation Asset Management Plan

The Pavement Management Program systematically identifies candidate project locations using pavement distress data, life cycle costs, condition rating, and projected budgets to determine the most cost-effective treatment and timing for rehabilitation projects. The program performs rehabilitation in the form of pavement preservation, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The statewide program is managed by DelDOT’s Pavement and Rehabilitation section. For more on the Pavement and Rehabilitation Program, see Chapter 2 of the DelDOT Transportation Asset Management Plan.

2.2.5 Traffic Engineering and Traffic Operations

DelDOT’s Traffic Engineering and Traffic Operations sections manage numerous strategic programs that identify operational and mobility deficiencies and potential safety related infrastructure improvement needs. Projects generated include, but are not limited to, the following types of improvements:

• New and reconstructed vehicular and pedestrian signals (including rectangular rapid flash beacons (RRFBs)),
• New and upgraded intersection control applications, such as roundabouts, all-way stops, or auxillary lane improvements,
• Design and installation of integrated transportation management system (ITMS) components,
• Signing, striping, and rail crossing improvements, and
• New and upgraded roadway lighting and other related devices.

In addition to this broad program, the Traffic Engineering section also manages several other more specific programs which are further described in the following subsections. Design and construction of smaller projects such as signing, striping, traffic signals, and lighting are most often implemented within the Traffic Engineering section. Larger projects that are recommended via one or more of the programs below, such as roundabouts or additional turn lanes, are transferred to another section within DelDOT for design, most often one of the Project Development sections.

2.2.5.1 Traffic Calming Program

This program is managed by DelDOT Traffic’s Traffic Studies section and aims to enhance Delaware's roadways through strategies that maintain mobility and access while improving quality of life and preserving communities. The program employs a collaborative approach to performing studies that concern traffic volumes and travel speeds to provide for increased safety on Delaware's roadways, primarily those in residential subdivisions and other similar environments. Projects generated by this program include, but are not limited to, the following types of improvements:

• Roundabout location and designs,
• Pedestrian and bicycle facilities,
• Traffic calming devices,
• Traffic control device improvements, and
• Other alternative solutions.

2.2.5.2 MUTCD Compliance

Department Resources
Signage and Pavement Markings SOGR Summary
Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (DE MUTCD)

All traffic control devices along Delaware’s roads must conform to the requirements within the Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic Control (DE MUTCD). This program identifies general traffic control device compliance issues and then programs work to make the needed remedial actions. This program is required in accordance with 23 CFR 655.603(d)(1). The signage retroreflectivity program evaluates the need for statewide improvements of signage which is inclusive of new installations, maintenance of existing signs, and sign upgrades based on federal nighttime reflectivity requirements and DE MUTCD compliance. The pavement marking program evaluates the condition and need for pavement marking replacement and maintenance of raised pavement markers (RPMs) statewide. Both programs are managed by DelDOT’s Traffic Field Operations section. For more information, see the 2023 Signage and Pavement Markings SOGR Summary.

2.2.5.3 Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP)

DelDOT Traffic's Safety Engineering section is tasked with maintaining a Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) that meets the requirements within 23 CFR 924. The goal of the HSIP Program is to reduce fatalities and serious injuries resulting from crashes on all public roads. 23 CFR 924 specifically requires that states develop a data-driven Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP), Railway-Highway Crossings Program, and program of highway safety improvement projects. The following subsections detail the individual programs within DelDOT's HSIP Program which may generate DelDOT projects.

2.2.5.3.1 Hazard Elimination Program (HEP)

On an annual basis, the Hazard Elimination Program (HEP) identifies high crash locations and makes recommendations to reduce the severity and frequency of the crashes. This is done through identifying locations with statistically significant crash patterns or rates, conducting engineering studies (such as road safety audits and other safety assessments or reviews), and developing potential solutions. The HEP Committee reviews completed studies and recommendations and then prioritizes identified projects for implementation that may have the greatest potential to reduce the State's roadway fatalities and serious injuries. Projects developed under this program typically include low-cost safety enhancements such as traffic control device upgrades (signs, pavement markings, etc.), traffic signal construction or upgrades, guardrail installation or enhancements, maintenance activities and other safety countermeasures that typically do not require full design or right-of-way acquisition for their completion. On occasion, the HEP will identify improvements beyond the typical low-cost safety improvements usually recommended which will require more substantial work be completed and will nominate projects to be included in DelDOT's capital program.

2.2.5.3.2 High-Risk Rural Roads Program

The High-Risk Rural Roads Program (HRRRP) is federally required when special rules in 23 U.S.C. 148(g)(1) are met. The goal of the HRRRP is to identify high crash locations and reduce the severity and frequency of crashes on rural collector and local roadways where the crash rate for fatalities and incapacitating injuries exceeds average crash rates. This is done through identifying locations and crash patterns, conducting engineering studies, and developing potential solutions. Improvement alternatives are developed that include low-cost safety improvements such as signing, pavement marking, intersection traffic control upgrades, guardrail upgrades, maintenance activities, and other low-cost type improvements that typically do not require full design or right-of-way acquisition.

2.2.5.3.3 Highway Rail Grade Crossing (HRGX) Safety Program

DelDOT maintains a rail crossing safety program in accordance 23 CFR 924 which requires each state to develop a Railway-Highway Crossing Program (RHCP). As such, DelDOT has developed the Highway Rail Grade Crossing (HRGX) Safety Program. All public grade crossings statewide are ranked to identify candidate locations for safety upgrades. Selected candidate locations are then studied to determine if improvements are warranted based on field conditions, traffic data, and crash data. The HRGX Committee then reviews the recommendations for each candidate location and recommends those to move forward for implementation. Additional railroad programs outside of the HRGX Safety Program are discussed in Section 2.2.5.4.

2.2.5.3.4 Systemic Safety Programs

The Traffic Safety Engineering section will periodically implement additional crash countermeasures through network screening and other systemic methods that are consistent with the goals and objectives of the Delaware SHSP to address the State’s safety needs. Examples include projects to install horizontal curve warning signs, high friction surface treatments, and median guardrails.

2.2.5.4 Railroad Program

Department Resources
Railroad Crossings State of Good Repair (SOGR) Summary

DelDOT’s Railroad Coordination section is tasked with operating several railroad related programs that generate DelDOT projects. In addition to the programs described in the following subsections, the group also manages DelDOT’s railroad pavement and rehabilitation work which coordinates its identified locations and work with the Pavement and Rehabilitation Program described in Section 2.2.4. Current conditions and performance goals for railroad crossings can be found in the 2023 Railroad Crossings State of Good Repair (SOGR) Summary.

2.2.5.4.1 Statewide Railroad Rideability Program

This program prioritizes existing highway and rail crossing locations for performing in-kind replacements or upgrades to the surface to address poor ride and hazardous conditions.

2.2.5.4.2 Rail Preservation Maintenance Program

The Rail Preservation Maintenance Program aims to sustain and upgrade the condition of the statewide rail network by prioritizing work locations. Preserving Delaware’s railroad network provides the State a competitive position by maintaining its current industrial and agricultural base, thereby retaining employers in the State. Additionally, maintaining the existing rail system provides alternate transportation choices to help reduce the use of single passenger vehicles on roadways.

2.2.5.4.3 Railroad Capital Improvements

DelDOT’s Railroad Coordination section performs engineering studies to identify deficient locations and to prioritize monetary investment.

2.2.5.5 Intelligent Transportation Management System (ITMS)

Department Resources
Integrated Transportation Management Program

This program funds many transportation operational efforts including facility upgrades at the Transportation Management Center (TMC), software, hardware, databases, integration efforts, staffing, etc. From a capital project standpoint, projects may include telecommunications systems (e.g., fiber optics lines), closed circuit television cameras, variable message signs, various traffic detection systems, etc. ITMS projects pursued under this program are to be in compliance with DelDOT’s regional plan in accordance with 23 CFR 940. DelDOT provides more information on this program on its Integrated Transportation Management Program website.

2.2.6 Division of Maintenance and Operations (M&O)

DelDOT performs the majority of the work required to maintain its infrastructure in a state of good repair through routine maintenance operations that are funded out of DelDOT’s operating budget; however, on occasion, larger or more complex state of good repair work may generate a project requiring stricter adherence to the processes described within this manual. DelDOT’s Division of Maintenance and Operations (M&O) will evaluate the scope of necessary state of good repair work and generate projects or work orders accordingly.

Additionally, DelDOT’s Division of Maintenance and Operations maintains several specific programs that may generate DelDOT projects.

2.2.6.1 Community Transportation Fund

DelDOT’s Community Transportation Fund (CTF) was established by the Bond Bill Committee to speed the process of making relatively small local improvements and also to put decision-making about local interest and priorities into the hands of each community through their elected representatives. CTF funding provides a fixed amount of funds annually to each State Senator and House Representative to be used as they and their constituents believe is best for transportation improvements within their district. Legislators may also scope and fund their own project ideas and have the option of banking a portion of their yearly CTF budget for up to 3-years in order to fund a larger transportation improvement. Funding expires after 3-years if it is not allocated to projects or estimates that are actively moving forward. Each project to be funded by CTF funds must meet the following three requirements:

1. Have a transportation component,
2. Be on public property or land dedicated to public use, and
3. Benefit more than one individual.

Projects are limited to items listed in Rule 12 of the Joint Committee on Capital Improvements Rules. Common projects funded through the CTF Program include repaving, correcting existing drainage deficiencies, curb replacements, sidewalk creation and repair, and traffic control devices. Each county has a CTF representative that manages CTF construction projects. Projects can be administered by DelDOT staff or third parties.

2.2.6.2 Transportation Facilities Program

DelDOT maintains several building facilities within its asset inventory. The buildings DelDOT maintains can generally be classified as either an administrative building which provides office spaces for staff or buildings that facilitate operations. The majority of DelDOT’s buildings are maintained by DelDOT’s Division of Maintenance and Operations. The Division of Maintenance and Operations operates the Maintenance Facilities program. The mission of the Maintenance Facilities program is to perform capital projects to keep facilities in a state of good repair and increase energy efficiency. Under this program, asset condition is reviewed annually, and projects are selected based on a scoring formula factoring overall building condition, operational need, building category, and size.

2.2.6.3 Subdivision Street Pavement Management Program

This program was established to accelerate improvement and quality of the subdivision streets that DelDOT maintains. This program provides a dedicated improvement funding source to supplement legislator Community Transportation Funds. Locations are selected using a priority-based scoring system similar to DelDOT’s Pavement Management Program discussed in Section 2.2.4.

2.2.7 Sustainability

Department Resources
Transportation Resilience & Sustainability website

DelDOT’s Resilience and Sustainability section operates several programs that have the capability to generate DelDOT projects. The following subsections describe the programs that the section uses to plan and prioritize DelDOT’s resiliency and sustainability projects. Additional information on the Resilience and Sustainability section is provided at DelDOT’s DelDOT’s Transportation Resilience & Sustainability website.

2.2.7.1 Resilience and Sustainability Program

The State of Delaware has the lowest mean level elevation (60 feet) in the nation and is particularly vulnerable to the effects of rising sea levels. Roadway flooding, as a result of coastal flooding inundation, storm surge and/or sunny day flooding from tide cycles and wind patterns, is a large threat to our transportation infrastructure. DelDOT’s Resilience and Sustainability section plans and prioritizes a variety of transportation resilience and climate-related projects in accordance with the framework of resiliency strategies identified in the Delaware Resilience Improvement Plan (DRIP) to address the vulnerabilities of the State’s transportation network by performing transportation infrastructure flooding mitigation work.

2.2.7.2 Carbon Reduction Program

DelDOT’s Resilience and Sustainability section coordinates with other state agencies, MPOs, and local governments under this program to identify and implement carbon reduction strategies and projects that will support the reduction of emissions from the transportation sector.

2.2.7.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Program

The Electric Vehicle Charging Program is overseen by DelDOT’s Transportation Resilience and Sustainability section. Working closely with DNREC, the program’s goal is to plan and construct electric vehicle charging infrastructure throughout the State to support the transition from internal combustion vehicles to zero emission vehicles.

2.2.8 Transit Systems (Delaware Transit Corporation)

The Delaware Transit Corporation (DTC) oversees the operation and planning of the State’s public transportation services. DTC is responsible for maintaining its existing public transportation infrastructure and for planning future services and needed facilities to provide the highest quality public transportation services that satisfy the needs of the customer and the community. Projects generated by DTC include, but are not limited to, minor maintenance to existing facilities, ITMS installation and upgrades, and the creation of new facilities ranging from small pads to large buildings.

DTC projects will commonly use Federal Transit Administration (FTA) funds and may have projects administered by the FTA as opposed to the FHWA. DTC projects administered by the FTA may be required to slightly deviate from the project development process outlined within this manual accordingly.